A history of male beauty in China

Before the Wei Kingdom (220-265) in China, the concept of men's beauty had little to do with outward appearances. Instead it was largely focused on the Confucian philosophy of being a junzi, a man who is noble and honorable.

But perceptions started to change when men, especially those who enjoyed a high social status, started applying foundation on their skin to make it look brighter and smooth. Some also used balm-based products to make their lips appear shiny.

According to records, the well-known scholar Cao Zhi during the Three Kingdoms (220-280) once refused to receive his visiting friend before washing his face and applying foundation. He Yan, a celebrity during that era, was said to have carried his foundation and lipstick everywhere he went. Other grooming practices among Chinese aristocrats included burning imported incense to scent their clothes.