(3) Right to social security

The social insurance system was improved. During the two years, the state issued the Social Insurance Law, and revised the Regulations on Work-related Injury Insurance and the Measures for the Ascertainment of Work-related Injuries. By the end of 2010, the population covered by the urban basic old-age insurance reached 257 million; that covered by basic medical insurance, 432 million; that covered by unemployment insurance, 134 million; that covered by work-related injury insurance, 162 million; and that covered by maternity insurance, 123 million. The population covered by the new rural old-age insurance reached 140 million. Altogether 269 zones of unified planning for work-related injury insurance were set up at city (prefecture) level or equivalent administrative levels.

The system of "Five Guarantees" (Note 1) was improved. The Ministry of Civil Affairs issued the Methods for the Management of Rural Five-guarantee Providers, and revised the Interim Measures for the Management of Elderly People's Home in Rural Areas. In 2009 and 2010, the state appropriated budgetary funding and lottery proceeds for supporting the construction of facilities of nearly 1,300 rural Five-guarantee providers. At present, 5.563 million people in the countryside enjoy the "Five Guarantees." The average standard for concentrated support is 2,951.4 yuan per person per year, while that for individual support is 2,102.1 yuan per person per year.

The Ministry of Civil Affairs formulated the Service Standards of Assistance and Management Centers and the Service Standards for Assistance and Protection Centers for Vagrant Minors. In 2010 the Ministry of Civil Affairs used 30 million yuan of lottery proceeds to support 40 key counties (county-level cities) and major communities in big and medium-sized cities to build assistance and protection centers for vagrant children and 24-hour assistance and protection centers. From 2009 to 2010, the state allocated 280 million yuan from the central budget for the building of 164 protection institutes for vagrant children.

(Note 1) Guarantee of food, clothing, housing, medical care, and funeral expenses for elderly people, people with disabilities, and residents under the age of 16 living in the countryside who have lost the ability to work, have no sources of income and have no one to support them.

(4) Right to health

The basic framework for a basic medical and health system covering the entire nation has taken shape, and the basic health care level of residents has been improved. At present, the average life expectancy is 73.5 years; mortality rate of pregnant and birth-giving women, 30 per 100,000; mortality rate of children under five, 16.4 per thousand; and infant mortality rate, 13.1 per thousand. By the end of 2010, the basic medical insurance for urban workers and basic medical insurance for urban residents covered 430 million people while the new rural cooperative medical insurance covered over 836 million; the total number of participants reached 1.26 billion, covering more than 90 percent of the country's population. In early 2011 governments at all levels increased the subsidy for participation in the medical insurance for urban residents and the new rural cooperative medical insurance from not less than 40 yuan to 200 yuan. In recent years, the central government has appropriated 50.9 billion yuan as special funds to solve the medical insurance problems of eight million uninsured retirees from closed or bankrupt state-owned enterprises and other enterprises. The proportion of hospitalization expenses of urban workers with medical insurance paid out of the medical insurance fund has been increased to 75 percent, while that of urban residents with medical insurance paid out of the medical insurance fund has been increased to 59 percent. The maximum amount for urban workers with medical insurance in most areas paid out of the medical insurance fund is six times these workers' average annual wages, while that for urban residents with medical insurance paid out of the medical insurance fund is six times their yearly disposable income.

The system of basic medical and health services has been improved. From 2009 to 2010, the state appropriated 44.83 billion yuan for improving the conditions of 2,382 community-based health service centers in cities, 116 mental health institutes, 1,877 county-level hospitals, 5,169 health clinics in key towns and townships, and 11,300 health centers in villages. The state has also allocated 1.14 billion yuan to support 16 national bases for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical research and 1.69 billion yuan to support 142 key TCM hospitals above city (district) level. The state has recruited over 20,000 certified doctors for health clinics in towns and townships, and trained nearly three million medical personnel for urban communities and primary-level services in rural areas. Every year the state gives free training to 5,000 medical students for health clinics in towns and townships in central and western China.

Equality in the right to basic health services has been promoted. In 2010, the per capita spending on basic public health services for urban and rural residents was 17.4 yuan. At the same time, 48.7 percent of urban residents and 38.1 percent of rural residents have had their health records established. From 2009 to 2010, health checkups were conducted for 84.49 million people over 65 years old; and 561,000 surgical operations were conducted to recover lost eyesight for poor cataract patients. At present, standard management of chronic diseases includes 35.538 million sufferers from hypertension, 9.189 million sufferers from diabetes and 1.706 million sufferers from acute mental illnesses. In rural areas, 7.833 million sanitary toilets have been built, and 1.439 million households have had their coal-fired stoves improved to prevent fluorine poisoning.

Infectious diseases have been brought under control. During the two years, 102 million people were immunized against measles. The number of reported cases of 15 infectious diseases, including diphtheria, dropped markedly. In 2010, the incidences of meningitis B, rabies and hemorrhagic fever throughout the country were 0.19 per 100,000, 0.15 per 100,000 and 0.17 per 100,000, respectively, decreases of 42 percent, 40 percent and 15 percent, respectively, compared to 2007.

Measures ensuring food and medicine safety have been improved. From February 2009, the state issued the Food Safety Law, Regulations on the Implementation of the Food Safety Law, and 27 other related laws, regulations and regulatory documents on the supervision of food safety; and formulated and promulgated 163 national standards on food safety. In addition, the state established a blacklist of illegal food additives. Throughout the country, quality inspection departments placed on file over 65,000 cases for investigation and prosecution in the course of cracking down on fake food products.

The conditions of community sports facilities for both urban and rural residents have been improved. In October 2009, the Regulations on National Fitness came into effect. From 2009 to 2010, the China General Administration of Sports spent 914 million yuan on various kinds of projects for national fitness. By the end of 2010, there were over one million sports venues across the country, among which over 230,000 had been built for rural residents. In addition, there were more than 250,000 mass sport sites.