Progressive partners

China and Africa are co-investors in a shared modernization trajectory

For the 36th consecutive year, Africa was the destination for Chinese foreign minister’s first overseas trip of the year — a tradition initiated in 1991 that has endured profound global transformations. It has outlived the Cold War, continued through the era of hyper-globalization and now persists within an increasingly fragmented and contested international order. While the symbolic weight of this diplomatic ritual remains, its true significance today lies in what it represents: the consolidation of a structurally embedded partnership. The China-Africa relationship has matured from one primarily grounded in political solidarity and historical friendship into a multidimensional, institutionalized, and economically measurable framework for shared development.

Foreign Minister Wang Yi’s visit this year held additional symbolic weight as 2026 marks the 70th year of diplomatic relations between China and African nations. Both sides have designated it the China-Africa Year of People-to-People Exchanges. Speaking at the African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa during his visit to Ethiopia, Wang underscored that “people-to-people exchanges are the most enduring foundation of China-Africa friendship”, arguing that cooperation must transcend infrastructure contracts to deeply integrate education, cultural understanding, and social engagement. This focus signals an awareness that the partnership’s long-term resilience depends on strengthening its societal foundations alongside its economic pillars.

The evolution of the China-Africa bond is starkly visible in hard economic data and strategic alignment. The relationship today is anchored in four interlocking pillars: trade, infrastructure, energy and institutional cooperation. In the first half of 2025 alone, China’s exports to Africa surged by 20.2 percent year-on-year, reaching $84.8 billion, dominated by the capital goods — construction machinery, passenger vehicles, and steel products — essential for industrialization and urbanization. While Africa exported $12.2 billion in goods to China in the same period, its role as a destination for Chinese exports has become strategically pivotal. By the third quarter of 2025, Africa solidified its position as one of China’s leading external markets, integral to Beijing’s global trade calculus. This commercial relationship is supported by deep investment ties; since the establishment of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2000, Chinese enterprises have invested over $40 billion across the continent, directly contributing to infrastructure development, manufacturing capacity and local job creation.

This trade is fundamentally demand-driven, concentrated in nations with clear ambitions for infrastructure expansion and industrial modernization. Nearly 50 percent of China’s exports to the continent flow to just three economies: Nigeria, South Africa and Egypt. The response to this demand is precise and rapid: Chinese shipments of construction machinery to Africa jumped 63 percent year-on-year in the first seven months of 2025, while passenger vehicle exports more than doubled. This is not a generic export push but a targeted response to Africa’s stated developmental priorities.

Wang’s itinerary — Ethiopia and the African Union, Tanzania and Lesotho — was itself a narrative of the partnership’s depth and diversity. In Ethiopia, host to over 1,500 Chinese enterprises spanning manufacturing, logistics and industrial parks, the discussion centered on how industrial cooperation has systematically replaced aid dependency. In Tanzania, the focus was on reinforcing a partnership that dates back to the iconic Tanzania-Zambia Railway of the 1970s, highlighting a continuity of trust built over decades, not just election cycles. This historical depth provides a reservoir of goodwill that newer partners cannot easily replicate. In Lesotho, the two sides agreed to expand their bilateral economic, trade, investment and industrial cooperation.

Perhaps most significant is China’s consistent engagement with Africa as a collective, strategic actor. China’s support for the AU, exemplified by the financing and construction of its headquarters in Addis Ababa, reflects a deliberate recognition of Africa’s growing agency in global governance. As international debates intensify around development financing, climate justice and trade reform, the coordination between China, the world’s largest developing country, and Africa carries increasing weight in shaping multilateral outcomes. This institutional partnership moves the relationship beyond bilateral transactions toward a coordinated voice on the global stage.

China’s approach stands in contrast to cooperation models that attach political conditionalities or prescribe governance reforms as prerequisites for assistance. Its emphasis on sovereign equality, non-interference, and “win-win” development resonates powerfully with African leaders who prioritize policy autonomy and national ownership. As articulated in frameworks such as the AU’s Agenda 2063, African nations seek partnerships that respect their developmental sovereignty, particularly as they navigate the compounded challenges of debt pressures, climate vulnerability and post-pandemic recovery. While Western critics often view China-Africa relations through a narrow geopolitical or ideological lens, African governments have been unequivocal in valuing a partnership that aligns with their immediate economic imperatives and long-term transformational goals.

In a global environment increasingly marked by protectionism, strategic rivalry and supply chain fragmentation, the consistency and predictability of China’s engagement with Africa offer a stabilizing counter-narrative. By maintaining its diplomatic rhythm and aligning its investments and exports with Africa’s own development blueprints, China positions itself not as a transient or transactional actor, but as a long-term stakeholder in the continent’s future. The partnership has evolved into a complex interdependence: Africa provides a critical market and a source of strategic minerals essential for the green and digital transitions, while China offers capital, technology and rapid implementation capacity.

Wang’s visit therefore represents far more than a diplomatic tradition. It is the annual reaffirmation of a relationship that has achieved structural maturity. It reflects a partnership increasingly defined by data-driven commercial exchanges, infrastructure connectivity, collaborative energy transitions and coordinated positioning within a turbulent global system. China and Africa have become co-investors in a shared modernization trajectory, building a partnership whose resilience will be tested not by symbolic gestures, but by its continued ability to deliver tangible, mutually reinforcing progress in an uncertain world.

The author is the executive director of South-South Dialogues, a Nairobi-based communications development think tank.

The author contributed this article to China Watch, a think tank powered by China Daily. The views do not necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

Contact the editor at editor@chinawatch.cn.