Ramping up Asia's R&D investment

Chinese research and development races ahead but poorer countries in region are far behind in spending

As China endeavours to become the world's leading innovator, several measures are already underway to achieve this goal.

In late July, the nation unveiled plans to build a 52-kilometer particle collider to study the Higgs boson, a mysterious and highly difficult-to-detect subatomic particle. Chinese researchers are currently preparing a proposal for the government which, if approved, will put China at the forefront of international particle physics, according to Physics World, a leading international physics magazine.

The world's biggest chemical company, BASF, recently broke ground on a new $110 million extension of its Innovation Campus Asia Pacific at its Pudong site in Shanghai. A key part of the extension will be a regional research and development (R&D) building.

By 2020, around 25 percent of BASF's R&D staff will be based in Asia - most of them in China.

Hutchison China MediTech, the holding company of a pharmaceutical and healthcare group in China, recently started enrolling patients for a study of colorectal cancer. The announcement was hardly groundbreaking, but it highlighted advances now being made in China in the pharmaceutical sector.

Bruno Lanvin, executive director of INSEAD's European Competitiveness Initiative, says China is shifting its focus from "just putting things together. The foregoing examples are proof of these efforts."

"China knows that if it is to advance, it needs to create and innovate, and to do that you need a highly educated population," he tells China Daily. "That is why a great deal of focus is now being placed on creating a knowledge-based economy, one which focuses on the sciences and engineering."

Lanvin says China is aspiring to move from "Made in China" to "Created in China".

Since China's opening-up, it has positioned itself as a global cost-effective manufacturing center. "But efficient manufacturing alone is not adequate to maintain economic growth," says the Battelle-R&D Magazine Global Researcher Survey.

"Recognizing this, China intends to evolve from a manufacturing-centric model to an innovation-based economy by 2020 mirroring the approach taken by the US, Europe and Japan since World War II.

"China is making steady progress at building a research infrastructure and educating the scientists to operate it. Results are impressive so far, with leading indicators of innovation rapidly approaching parity with the West," the survey says.

In the last half of the 20th century, global R&D was dominated by Europe, the United States and, later, Japan.

By 2013, China had overtaken Japan in terms of R&D spending. In that year Japanese GDP measured in dollars fell sharply due to yen depreciation. Japanese R&D spending as a share of GDP fell from $202 billion in 2012 to $164 billion in 2013. Meanwhile, total Chinese R&D spending rose from $148 billion in 2012 to $166.5 billion in 2013.

Analysts forecast that by 2018 China will surpass the combined R&D spending of Europe's 34 countries. And by 2022 the nation's R&D spending is expected to match that of the US, when the two countries are likely to spend about $600 billion each on R&D.

Spending growth

Rajiv Biswas, Asia-Pacific chief economist with analytics firm IHS, says there is no doubt that China "is the fastest growing R&D hub in Asia".

R&D spending in China has grown at "an average annual rate of 20 percent per year over the last decade", he says. Much of the investment is concentrated in six regions: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, Shaanxi and Zhejiang.

While the US still leads the world in R&D spending, China has started to "narrow the gap", according to a report released early this year by the National Science Board. It adds that knowledge-based economic activity is gradually shifting toward Asia, particularly China.

Biswas confirms this assessment.

"A number of Asian countries are experiencing rapid growth in R&D spending, with India having become a fast-growing hub for foreign multinationals to conduct R&D," he says.

"South Korea is also a rapidly growing R&D hub, driven by strong R&D spending by Korean companies as well as supported by the South Korean government's strong strategic policy focus on R&D spending."

Analysts say Asia's share of total global R&D spending has risen from 25 percent a decade ago to 34 percent today, reflecting rapid economic growth in the region.

They say many large Asian economies are boosting R&D expenditure to build their competitive advantage in leading-edge industries such as technology and pharmaceuticals.

"A key driver for the increasing importance of the region in R&D is the rapid growth of the Chinese economy and the strong R&D spending growth in China," Biswas says.

Global R&D this year is expected to top $1.6 trillion, according to R&D Magazine. Biswas from IHS says China's R&D accounts for around 12.7 percent of the world's total, Japan 11.5 percent, and India 1.2 percent.

Foreign investment

"India, however, is quite competitive with China and Japan in terms of attracting foreign multinationals' R&D expenditure," Biswas says. "For example, comparing R&D expenditure by US multinationals abroad, the amount spent annually by US multinationals on R&D in China and India is quite similar."

He says that this reflects India's fundamental competitiveness as a global R&D hub due to its large talent pool of skilled graduates.

"However, India remains far behind China in terms of total R&D spending in the whole economy mainly because the size of its total GDP is only 20 percent that of China."

Japan is the only other country in the region whose R&D expenditure is comparable to China's. R&D spending in Japan, the world's third biggest economy, as a share of GDP is 3.4 percent, very high by international standards, says Biswas.

"South Korea is the next largest R&D spender in the region, albeit still much smaller than China or Japan due to the relatively smaller size of the Korean economy," he says.

"However, South Korea is one of the world's highest R&D-spending nations when measured in terms of share of GDP, with 4 percent spent on R&D, which is far higher than either the US or Japan."

But despite the enormous R&D efforts of China, Japan and South Korea, "the competitive landscape in Asia remains very divided", says Biswas.

Governments in other Asian countries "do not have the fiscal resources to allocate to government-funded research, and because their companies have not achieved the critical mass in leading industries to become significant players in global R&D".

"This is particularly evident in Southeast Asia, with Indonesia, one of the world's largest emerging economies, having very low R&D spending by international standards," Biswas says.

Meanwhile, other large economies in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations - such as Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia - are also facing similar challenges.

"Among the low-income ASEAN economies such as Myanmar and Laos, the hurdles are even more difficult given the weak educational infrastructure and low standard of economic development."

(China Daily Africa Weekly 10/17/2014 page15)